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Essential trace elements are considered as micronutrients which are not produced in the body and mainly come from food. Different brain regions such as the cortex, white matter, basal ganglia and the limbic system have various developmental trajectories and so-called “critical periods”. The correctness of development is determined by the course of various processes (proliferation, migration, myelination, differentiation, etc.). Thus, it could be assumed that an imbalance of essential trace elements in critical periods of brain maturation can lead to detrimental morphofunctional consequences, and impaired brain development. In this chapter we have reviewed most studied trace elements that are involved in neurogenesis, such as Fe, Zn, I, Se, Cu, and Mn, and their possible contribution to the manifestation of neurological disorders.